Muslims' Contribution in Islamic Civilization
Introduction
“It is highly probable that but for the Arabs (عرب), modern European
civilization would never have risen at all. There is no only one aspect of
European growth in which decisive influence of Islamic culture is not traceable…
what we call science raised in Europe as a result of a new spirit of enquiry,
of new methods of investigation and research, of the methods of
experimentation, observation, measurement, of the development of Mathematics in
a form unknown to the Greeks. That spirit and those methods were introduced
into the European world by the Arabs (Muslims)”[1]
The origin of this “new spirit” was the
emergence of Islam and the new world view if offered, a relevant element of
which is that reason is neither irrelevant to the strengthening of one's faith,
nor is it the antithesis of faith. Indeed, the use of power of intellect and
reason is not only accepted, it is also urged in the Qur’an as follow: اولم یتفکروافی انفسهم ماخلق الله السماوات والارض ومابینهماالابالحق
"Do they not reflect
in their own minds? Not but for just end, and for a term appointed,
did Allah create the heavens and the earth, and all between them." (Surah
al-rom, ayah 8)
In another verse Allah says:
(اوَلَمْ
يَنْظُرُوا فِي مَلَكُوتِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا خَلَقَ اللَّهُ مِنْ
شَيْءٍ وَأَنْ عَسَىٰ أَنْ يَكُونَ قَدِ اقْتَرَبَ أَجَلُهُمْ ۖ فَبِأَيِّ حَدِيثٍ
بَعْدَهُ يُؤْمِنُونَ)[3]
"Do they see nothing
in the domain of heavens and the earth and all that Allah has created?"
The Qur'an
states that Allah breathed His spirit into every human. It is that “breath”
which endows
the human with the innate spiritual and moral qualities. It also establishes
the unique
Position of the
human as the crown of creation as Allah says in Quran:
(وَلَقَدْ كَرَّمْنَا بَنِي
آدَمَ وَحَمَلْنَاهُمْ فِي الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ وَرَزَقْنَاهُمْ مِنَ
الطَّيِّبَاتِ وَفَضَّلْنَاهُمْ عَلَىٰ كَثِيرٍ مِمَّنْ خَلَقْنَا تَفْضِيلًا)[4]
"We have honoured
the children of Adam; provided them with transport on land and sea;
given them for sustenance things good and pure; and conferred on them special favours
above a great part of our creation." (Surah al-israa, ayah 70)
Qur’anic
Motivation to Study and Explore:
Below are a
some examples from the Qur’an which clearly stimulate research,
Discovery,
development and improvement of the quality of life.
(۞ اللَّهُ الَّذِي سَخَّرَ
لَكُمُ الْبَحْرَ لِتَجْرِيَ الْفُلْكُ فِيهِ بِأَمْرِهِ وَلِتَبْتَغُوا مِنْ
فَضْلِهِ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ)[5]
“It is Allah Who has
subjected the sea to you that ships may sail through it by His
Command that
you may seek of His bounty and that you may be grateful.” (Surah al-jathiah ayat 12)
(أَلَمْ تَرَ
أَنَّ اللَّهَ أَنْزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً فَسَلَكَهُ يَنَابِيعَ فِي
الْأَرْضِ ثُمَّ يُخْرِجُ بِهِ زَرْعًا مُخْتَلِفًا أَلْوَانُهُ ثُمَّ يَهِيجُ
فَتَرَاهُ مُصْفَرًّا ثُمَّ يَجْعَلُهُ حُطَامًا ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَذِكْرَىٰ
لِأُولِي الْأَلْبَابِ)[6]
“See you not that Allah
sends down rain from the sky and leads it through springs in the earth? Then He
causes to grow therewith produce of various colours: then it withers; you will
see it grow yellow; then He makes it dry up and crumble away. Truly in this is
a message of remembrance to persons of understanding.”(Surah al-tauba ayat 21)
(وَهُوَ الَّذِي
سَخَّرَ الْبَحْرَ لِتَأْكُلُوا مِنْهُ لَحْمًا طَرِيًّا وَتَسْتَخْرِجُوا مِنْهُ
حِلْيَةً تَلْبَسُونَهَا وَتَرَى الْفُلْكَ مَوَاخِرَ فِيهِ وَلِتَبْتَغُوا مِنْ
فَضْلِهِ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ)[7]
“It is He who
made the sea subject that you may eat thereof flesh that is fresh and tender and that you may extract
therefrom ornaments to wear; and you see the ships therein that plough the waves that
you may seek (thus) of the bounty of Allah and that you may be grateful.” (Surah al-nahl
ayah14)
(وَالْأَنْعَامَ خَلَقَهَا ۗ
لَكُمْ فِيهَا دِفْءٌ وَمَنَافِعُ وَمِنْهَا تَأْكُلُونَ» وَلَكُمْ فِيهَا جَمَالٌ حِينَ تُرِيحُونَ
وَحِينَ تَسْرَحُونَ» وَتَحْمِلُ
أَثْقَالَكُمْ إِلَىٰ بَلَدٍ لَمْ تَكُونُوا بَالِغِيهِ إِلَّا بِشِقِّ
الْأَنْفُسِ ۚ إِنَّ رَبَّكُمْ لَرَءُوفٌ رَحِيمٌ» وَالْخَيْلَ وَالْبِغَالَ وَالْحَمِيرَ
لِتَرْكَبُوهَا وَزِينَةً ۚ وَيَخْلُقُ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ)[8]
“And cattle He has created
for you; from them you derive warmth and numerous benefits and of their (meat)
you eat. And you have a sense of pride and beauty in them as you drive them
home in the evening and as you lead them forth to pasture in the morning. And
they carry their heavy loads to lands that you could not (otherwise) reach
except with souls distressed: for your Lord is indeed Most Kind, Most Merciful.
And (He has
created) horses, mules and donkeys for you to ride and use for show; and He has
created (other) things about which you have no knowledge.”
Qur’an (surah
al-nahl ayah 5-8)
It is noted
that the above quotes deal with the fundamental resources: agricultural, water,
fisheries and animal resources.
In a sweeping
statement, the Qur’an indicates that everything on earth, and even in the
heavens was created for the benefit of mankind:
(هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ لَكُمْ
مَا فِي الْأَرْضِ جَمِيعًا ثُمَّ اسْتَوَىٰ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ فَسَوَّاهُنَّ
سَبْعَ سَمَاوَاتٍ ۚ وَهُوَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلیم)[9]
“It is He who has created
for you all things that are on earth; moreover His design comprehended the
heavens for He gave order and perfection to the seven firmaments; and of all
things he has perfected knowledge.” (Surah al-baqara ayah 29)
Civilization:
Generally civilization is defined; the overall manifestations of financial,
scientific, literary, artistic and social development in a society or in
similar societies.
The word “civilization’’ in Arabic is the opposite of the word ‘’Bedouins
or respectively, savageness and barbarism. Thus, urban life stands against
Bedouin life and vice versa. People who live in cities, towns and villages are
urban dwellers, whereas, people who lead Bedouin life are those who live in the
deserts sheltered by tents. The Bedouins are notorious for their stiffness, harshness,
hardness of heart and prevalence of ignorance and illiteracy among them.
The Man and Civilization
Human
action is essentially the fruit of her own consciousness. When consciousness
has freezer by misguided beliefs, the actions of the people who made possible
the total submission to the will of the king. If there's one of the simplest
forms of resistance although, may be tempered by some other people, because
they fear the king. From here we immediately know the values of humanity that
is slavery itself. King is the source of the will, and all the people who
should be responsible to make it happen. Because it can be seen that the
greatness of the pharaohs built pyramid it, always means sacrifice thousands of
men and the slaves.
Islamic
Civilization
Because Islam originated and has developed in an Arab
culture, other cultures which have adopted Islam have tended to be influenced
by Arab customs. Thus Arab Muslim societies and other Muslims have cultural
affinities, though every society has preserved its distinguishing
characteristics. Islamic culture inherited an Arab culture born in the desert,
simple but by no means simplistic. It has an oral tradition based on the
transmission of culture through poetry and narrative. However, it has been the
written record that has had the greatest impact on civilization. Islam
civilization is based on the value of education, which both the Qur'an and the
Prophet stressed.
Definition: Islamic civilization is namely defined the manifestation of
Islamic faith (towhid) in every aspect of human life, it emphasize on the human
dimension of how to build it especially spiritual and intellectual, and rather
than emphasizing the things that are physical or material.
Characteristics of Islamic Civilization
Islamic
civilization is more emphasis on the human dimension of how to build it
especially spiritual and intellectual, and rather than emphasizing the things
that are physical or material. Therefore, when the Shahadah was declared the
subsequent efforts, as reflected in the letters of the early decline in the
Qur'an, fully strived to build the integrity of human beings, people from
Asfala safilin be ahsanu taqwim.
The
Qur'an commands Civilizations Review:
Is it not
come to their important news about people who were before them, (namely) of
Noah, 'Aad, Thamud, of Abraham, the people of Midian and the countries that
have been destroyed? Came to them messengers with a real explanation, then God
is not ever wrong them, but they who wronged themselves. (Surah Al-Tauba ayah:
70)
Factors that led to the decline of Islamic
Civilization
External Factors:
a)
Colonization
b)
Nationalism
c)
Secularism
d)
Modernity
Internal Factors:
a)
Mulukiyyah
(monarchy & dynastic rule)
b)
Luxury
c)
Lack of
Rationality and Empiricism
d)
Lack of
Creativity and Ijtihad.
The
Emergence of Islamic Civilization:
The emergence
of Islamic civilization began in the later part of the seventh century and the
beginning of the eighth century, under the Umayyad rule. Yet its golden age
occurred under the Abbassid rule (750-1258) and in Muslim Spain (755-1492). For
at least five centuries,
Islamic
civilization was the most prominent in the world. This is longer than the
period in
Which European
civilization has been prominent? Schools and libraries were parts of mosque
complexes. Endowments for colleges and bursaries for students were common.
Scholars and researchers were respected and appreciated, regardless of their
religious affiliations. An example of this attitude was manifestin the “House
of Wisdom” in Baghdad in the 9th century under the patronage of the Caliph
Al-Ma’moon. It served as a huge academic canter, library and translation
centre. In the Western part of the Muslim world, the most important research
center was in Toledo (Spain)
Where Muslim
works were translated from Arabic into Latin; especially in the fields of
Astronomy,
Mathematics, Medicine, Chemistry, Botany and Philosophy. It is said that Pope
Sylvester spent
three years in Toledo studying Astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry and other
subjects under Muslim scientists.
The
Term “Dark Ages”
These
advancements show that the common expression “The Dark Ages” should in fact be
qualified as the “European Dark Ages”, at least in the period coinciding with
the emergence of Islamic civilization.
John Draper
describes how science was suppressed and not tolerated in Europe and how
physical and natural phenomena were attributed to the will of spirits. A person
who came down with a fever had to go to the nearest shrive of saint seeking a
miraculous cure.
In contrast to
this, Muslim scientists and physicians were busy developing ways of diagnosing
and treating diseases. As such the unqualified term “The Dark Ages” seems to be
based on the subtle assumption that the history of Europe is the history of the
world.
Another common
misconception is that Muslim scholars merely restored the Greek
Classics, which
would have been lost without them. This notion belittles their original contributions,
in addition to restoration. According to H.G. Wells, the Greeks did not know much
about human history, their knowledge was “based on rudimentary speculations”
and they
were very poor in experimental apparatusThis assessment is shared by A.N.
Whitehead who
states that the Greeks were over-theoretical and that for them, science was an
offshoot of philosophy. This assessment applies as well to their heirs, the
Romans.
However, it
would be equally incorrect to say that there were no contributions to civilization
by other nations. Science is a shared and cumulative undertaking. The above discussion
indicates that Greek and roman contribution were not based upon experimentation
which was the hallmark of Islamic civilization and which was a prerequisite to
modern science.
Muslims’
Contribution in Islamic Civilization
In this world most of the innovation defined
by Muslims then Non-Muslim scientist developed the innovation of Muslims and
come with the final result .here now we will see some specific examples of Muslim
contributions in some major Disciples:
1.
Medicine
Some
early works in Muslim medicine go back to the 8th century (Ibn Al-Muqaffa’).
Greater progress was achieved, however, in the 9th century. Medicine was a central part of medieval Islamic culture. Responding
to circumstances of time and place, Islamic physicians and scholars developed a
large and complex medical literature exploring, analyzing, and synthesizing the
theory and practice of medicine. Islamic medicine was initially built on
tradition, chiefly the theoretical and practical knowledge developed in Arabia and was
known at Muhammad's
time, ancient Hellenistic medicine such as Unani, ancient
Indian medicine such as Ayurveda, and the ancient Iranian Medicine of the Academy of Gundishapur. The works of ancient
Greek and Roman physicians Hippocrates,
Galen and Dioscorides
also had a lasting impact on Islamic medicine. Ophthalmology has been
described as the most successful branch of medicine researched at the time,
with the works of Ibn Al-Haitham remaining an authority in the field until
early modern times.
·
Muhammad
ibn Zakariya al-Razi
Fakhr-al-Deen Al-Razi (فخرالدین الرازی ) commonly known as Rhazes, was
a Persian physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, scholar, and a
prominent figure in Islamic Golden Age. He was the chief surgeon in many
hospitals in the cities of Rey and Baghdad, and he became an advisor to caliphs
and rulers of the time. He was considered as the father of Islamic medicine,
"the greatest physician of the Muslim World"as well as a respected
philosopher. He believed in the existence of God and the soul but rejected
prophetically revealed religion and ritualism, believing instead that anyone
could use reason to understand the world. Chief
physician in Baghdad and the greatest Physician in the “Middle Ages.” He wrote
what Draper called “an immense medical Encyclopaedia” which remained among the
most important medical references in Europe for 600 years. His treatise on
measles and smallpox was translated several times until the 18th
Century. He is known for separating the "science
of physic “into two different aspects: physical and spiritual. The physical
dealt with the "physiological diseases “while the latter dealt with the
spiritual self. He felt that in order to completely understand the science of
the body, a doctor needed to be a master of both the physical and spiritual
knowledge regarding the body. Al-Razi was also interested in medical ethics,
about which he wrote Ahlaq al-Tabeeb. In Ahlaq Al-Tabeeb (Medical
Ethics) al-Razi wrote about the importance of morality in medicine. He
presented the first model for ethics in Islamic medicine. He felt that it was
important not only for the physician to be an expert in his field, but also to
be a role model. His ideas on medical ethics were divided into three concepts:
the physician's responsibility to patients and to self, and also the patients’
responsibility to physicians.Al-Razi was "the first of the (physicians of
medieval Islam) to treat medicine in a comprehensive and encyclopedic manner,
surpassing probably in voluminousness Galen himself...Rhazes is deservedly
remembered as having first described small-pox
and measles
in an accurate manner.
·
Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdullah ibn-Sina
Ibn Sina(ابن سینا): who
lived in the 11th century wrote a five volume work called “Canon (or Precepts)
of Medicine” dealing with physiology, hygiene, pathology, therapeutics and
Materia Medica. Ibn Sina, more commonly
known in west as Avicenna was a Persian
polymath and physician of the tenth and eleventh centuries. He was known for
his scientific works, but especially his writing on medicine. Ibn Sina is
credited with many varied medical observations and discoveries, such as
recognizing the potential of airborne transmission of disease, providing
insight into many psychiatric conditions, recommending use of forceps in
deliveries complicated by fetal distress, distinguishing central from
peripheral facial paralysis and
describing guinea worm infection and trigeminal neuralgia. He
is credited for writing two books in particular: his most famous, al-Canon
fi al Tibb (The Canon of Medicine),
and also The Book of Healing.
His other works cover subjects including angelology,
heart medicines, and treatment of kidney diseases.
Avicenna’s
medicine became the representative of Islamic medicine mainly through the
influence of his famous work al-Canon fi al Tibb (The Canon of
Medicine). The book was originally used as a textbook for instructors and
students of medical sciences in the medical school of Avicenna. The book is
divided into 5 volumes: The first volume is a compendium of medical principles,
the second is a reference for individual drugs, the third contains
organ-specific diseases, the fourth discusses systemic illnesses as well as a
section of preventative health measures, and the fifth contains descriptions of
compound medicines. The Canon was highly influential in medical schools
and on later medical writers.
2.
Agriculture
Muslim
scientists described many plants. At the end of the 12th century, Al-Awwam described
585 plants and explained the cultivation of several fruits. Some studied plants
on their long journeys to pilgrimage like Abul-Abbass Al-Nabati.
On the
practical side, they improved the methods of irrigation, used organic
fertilizers and improved the breeds of cattle. Introduction of peaches, apricots,
cotton, rice, bananas and sugar cane to the west is owed to Muslims. In Muslim
Spain, artificial lakes to raise fish for food, were commonplace.
3.
Commerce
Some historians
narrate that at one time up to 850 Saracen ships docked in the port of
Canton (China).
Early writings on trade and commerce go back to the 10th century.
According to
Camille Castorina, some Saracen coins were found in Scandinavia. Agolden
Anglo-Saxon coin carried the name of the King Offa Rex of Mercia on one side;
on the other side it carried the Muslim testimony of faith. A system of cheques
(from the Arabic
Sakk) and form
letters of credit were used as well.
4.
Art
and Architecture
While Muslim
heritage in this area is rather diverse due to the fusion of various cultures, which
came under Muslim rule, there is some element of unity in it based on Islamic teachings.
A good part of such a heritage was destroyed in 1258 by the Mongols. A touch of
that remained in Spain especially in Al-Hambra and the Cordoba mosque.
18 The
influence of Muslim Architecture and Caligraphy was so great that one of the
doors of the Cathedral at Puy is decorated with the Arabic inscription
(Masha’Allah). In fact, an
Islamic-Style
mosaic was found in a number of churches in Auverge (France). In the British museum,
an Irish cross from the 9th century is decorated in the middle with the
inscription
“Bismillah” or
“In the name of Allah.”
5.
History
While many
Muslim historians focused on the collection and presentation of facts and information,
some used critical judgement, and approach adopted in the West later on.
Among the most
famous historians are Al-Tabari (late 9th century) who wrote a most Brilliant
universal chronicle, Al-Mas’oodi who wrote 20 big volumes on history which were
lost, and whose work “Morooj Al-Dhahab” (Golden Pastures) was preserved, and
Ibn Al-
Altheer (13th
century) who wrote a universal chronicle up to his time
6.
Astronomy
Astronomy was
one of the earliest sciences that attracted the attention of Muslims as early
as the 3rd century (AH). Among their achievements is the discovery of the sun’s
apogee (the points farthest from the earth in the orbit of the moon). They drew
catalogue maps of visible stars and gave them Arabic names and corrected the
sun and moon tables and fixed the length of the year. They were the first to
use the pendulum to measure time and the first to build observatories. Ibn
Younus (11th century) invented the sun dial, which, according to
John Draper was
the most valuable of all chronomectric improvements. They predicted sun
12 spots,
eclipses and appearance of comets. Abul-Wafa discovered a major aspect of
Astronomy known
as the 3rd Lunar inequality (irregularity of the moon’s highest latitudes”, the
same discovery that was attributed nearly 1000 years later to the Danish
Astronomer Tycho-Braho. Among the luminaries in this field are Al-Batani
(Albategnius), who is considered by Some astronomers as one of the most famous
twentieth century astronomers in the world; Al-Barony, who was the link between
the schools of Baghdad and India (10th -11th centuries).
Papered by:Mojeebrahman Wahaj Wardaj
7.
Chemistry:
Jabir Ibn
Haiyan ( جابرابن حیان)
(722 – 804) Also known as Geber. The father of Arab chemistry known for
his highly influential works on alchemy and metallurgy.
In a world that
knew no stronger acid than concentrated vinegar, the 8th century
Muslim chemist
Jabir discovered Nitric acid and described the operations of distillation, sublimation,
filtration, coagulation and crystallization.
Abu Bakar
Al-Razi (Rhases) of the 9th century was the first to describe the properties of
sulphuric acid. His contribution in his time is comparable, according to John
Drager, to the contributions of Lavoisier and Priestley in the West, in their
times.
Abu-Musa
Al-Kufi who lived in the late 8th century contributed greatly to chemistry to the
extent that some of his works were translated into Latin and French, some as
late as the
17th century.
8.
Mathematics
Omar Khayyam (عمرخیام) (1048 – 1131)Persian mathematician,
astronomer, and poet, known for his scientific achievements and Rubaiyat
(“quatrains”).The history of
mathematics during the
Golden Age
of Islam,
especially during the 9th and 10th centuries, building on Greek predecessors such as Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius as well as incorporating Indian sources such as Aryabhata, saw some
important developments, such as the full development of the decimal place-value
system to include
decimal
fractions, the first
systematized study of algebra (named for
the work of scholar al-Kwarizmi (الخوارزمی and certain advances in geometry and trigonometry. Arabic works also played an important role in the transmission of
mathematics to Europe during the 10th to 12th centuries.While the numerals are
believed to have originated in India, Muslims popularized it. Muhammad Bin
Ahmed of the 10th century invented the concept of zero (sifr or void from which
the terms cipher and decipher were derived). This did not only replace the
cumbersome Roman numerals, but it was a new revolution in Mathematics. It was
nearly300 years later before Europe began to know this concept (13th
century).Algebra, or calculation by symbols came from the Arabic word Al-Jabr
which literally means uniting the broken parts (or bones). Likewise, Algorithm
comes from the name of the famous Muslim mathematician Muhammad Bin Musa
Al-Khawarizmi of the 9th century, who was described by George Sarton
(An Introduction to the History of Science) as “one of the founders of analysis
or algebra as distinct from geometry.” Al-Khawarizmi’s work was completed early
in the 10th century by Abul-Wafa who also worked on quadratic equations.
Papered by:Mojeebrahman Wahaj Wardak
List of
Muslim who contribute to Islamic civilization
Muslim
scientists and inventors, including Arabs, Persians and Turks, Who made
innumerable discoveries and wrote countless books about medicine, surgery,
physics, chemistry, philosophy, astrology, geometry and various other fields.
1.
Ibn Zuhr ابن زهر ، (1091 – 1161)
Also known
as Avenzoar. Arab physician and surgeon, known for his influential book Al-Taisir
Fil-Mudawat Wal-Tadbeer (Book of Simplification Concerning
Therapeutics and Diet).
2.
Ibn
Al-Haytham ابن هیثم ، (965 – 1040)
Also known as Alhazen. Arab astronomer and
mathematician known for his important contributions to the principles of optics
and the use of scientific experiments.
3.
Ibn Ishaq
Al-Kindi ابن
اسحاق الکندي ، (801 – 873)
Also known as Alkindus. Arab philosopher and
scientist, who is known as the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers.
4.
Jabir Ibn
Haiyanجابرابن
حیان ، (722 – 804)
Also known as Geber. The father of Arab
chemistry known for his highly influential works on alchemy and metallurgy.
5.
Abu Bakr
Al-Raziابوبکررازي
، (865 – 925)
Also known as Rhazes. Persian alchemist and
philosopher, who was one of the greatest physicians in history.
6.
Omar Khayyamعمرخیام، (1048 – 1131)
Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet,
known for his scientific achievements and Rubaiyat (“quatrains”).
7.
Muhammad ibn
Musa Al-Khwarizmi خوارزمي (780 – 850)
Also known as Algoritmi or Algaurizin. His
works introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concepts of algebra into
European mathematics.
Papered by:Mojeebrahman Wahaj Wardak
8.
Ibn Rushd ابن رشد، (1126 – 1198) Also known as Averroes. Arab philosopher and scholar who produced a
series of summaries and commentaries on most of Aristotle’s works and on
Plato’s Republic.
9.
Ibn Sina ابن سینا، (980 – 1037):
Also known
as Avicenna. Persian philosopher and scientist known for his contributions to
Aristotelian philosophy and medicine.
11. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, ابو نصر فارابی (872
– 950)
Also known as Alpharabius. Arab scientist and
philosopher, considered as one of the preeminent thinkers of medieval era.
12. Abass ibn Firnas (عباس ابن فرناس)
A Muslim who first innovate the plane or the
idea of fighting.
13. Sayyid Jamal ad-Din Afghani(سیدجمال الدین افغاني)
The
founder of Islamic modernism Known as father of Islamic Modernism, he was an Islamic
activist, Islamic ideologist in the Muslims world during the 19th century.
CONCLUSION:
Islam is a
complete and comprehensive way of life founded on divine guidance. It makes no
distinction between the religious and material aspects of life. It’s teaching
focus on the human, as he/she is a spiritual, intellectual and physical being.
Islam does not assume an inherent conflict and disharmony between these three
elements of human existence.
The Qur’an
constantly urges humankind to think, learn, observe and explore the bounties
created by Allah for human use in fulfilment of the human’s trusteeship role on
earth.
We see today
Muslims are very backward, if someone ask such question that why Muslims are
far from modern civilization? While they are saying our religion is civilized
religion?
The answer is, its indication of weakness. However it is
indication of Muslims weakness, not weakness of Islam.
Papered by:Mojeebrahman Wahaj Wardak
